{"id":157,"date":"2001-06-15T12:00:52","date_gmt":"2001-06-15T12:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=157"},"modified":"2010-10-27T11:09:35","modified_gmt":"2010-10-27T11:09:35","slug":"er-til-gn%c3%a6g%c3%b0-onyttrar-raforku-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=157","title":{"rendered":"Er til gn\u00e6g\u00f0 \u00f3n\u00fdttrar raforku?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Grein fengin af Mbl.is, Skrifu\u00f0 F\u00f6studaginn 15. j\u00fan\u00ed, 2001 <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er heillandi framt\u00ed\u00f0ars\u00fdn, segir \u00deorkell Helgason, a\u00f0 unnt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 anna allri orku\u00fe\u00f6rf okkar me\u00f0 innlendum orkulindum.<\/p>\n

UM fimmtungur af frumorkunotkun okkar fer til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja farart\u00e6ki \u00e1 landi og sj\u00f3 og eru 3\/4 hlutar innflutts eldsneytis til \u00feessara \u00fearfa. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt m\u00e1 rekja n\u00e6r 60% af koltv\u00eds\u00fdringslosun til orkunotkunar hreyfanlegra t\u00e6kja.<\/p>\n

\u00dear sem vi\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar erum jafn h\u00e1\u00f0ir eldsneyti og raun ber vitni er \u00fea\u00f0 okkur keppikefli a\u00f0 n\u00fdta innlenda orkugjafa til a\u00f0 leysa innflutt eldsneyti af h\u00f3lmi. Hinga\u00f0 til hefur \u00fea\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0 tali\u00f0 hagkv\u00e6mt. En forsendur eru a\u00f0 breytast. \u00dea\u00f0 hyllir undir a\u00f0 efnarafalar sem ganga fyrir vetni komi \u00ed almenna framlei\u00f0slu. Notkun efnarafala \u00ed farart\u00e6kjum er forsenda \u00feess a\u00f0 vetni framleitt me\u00f0 \u00edslenskri raforku geti keppt vi\u00f0 innflutt eldsneyti. Jafnframt kann a\u00f0 stefna \u00ed a\u00f0 losun koltv\u00eds\u00fdrings ver\u00f0i ver\u00f0l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 alheimsv\u00edsu en \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur \u00f6ll notkun jar\u00f0efnaeldsneytis sem \u00fev\u00ed nemur d\u00fdrari.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed ekki nema a\u00f0 vonum a\u00f0 margir horfi til \u00feess fagnandi a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0i m\u00f6gulegt og skynsamlegt a\u00f0 n\u00fdta innlenda, endurn\u00fdjanlega orku \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feeirrar innfluttu. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingar til almennings \u00ed \u00feessum m\u00e1lum s\u00e9u \u00e1 traustum grunni og a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9u ger\u00f0ar gyllingar. Sk\u00fdrsla sem kom \u00fat n\u00fa \u00ed apr\u00edlm\u00e1nu\u00f0i \u00e1 vegum World Wildlife Fund og N\u00e1tt\u00faruverndarsamtaka \u00cdslands er \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn d\u00e6mi um villulj\u00f3s.<\/p>\n

Margt er af rangf\u00e6rslum og \u00fdkjum \u00ed sk\u00fdrslunni en h\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0eins staldra\u00f0 vi\u00f0 meginfirruna; \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 tilt\u00e6k s\u00e9 gn\u00e6g\u00f0 af e.k. \u00f3n\u00fdttri raforku, svo miki\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 henni megi framlei\u00f0a vetni til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja um 22% af b\u00edla- og fiskiskipaflota landsmanna \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 reisa \u00feyrfti eina einustu virkjun. Og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00f3n\u00fdtta orka kosti l\u00edti\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 geti vetnisv\u00e6\u00f0ingin hafist \u00e1n hagr\u00e6nna f\u00f3rna.<\/p>\n

Hvernig er raforkan unnin?
\nSem kunnugt er vinnum vi\u00f0 raforku \u00far vatnsafli og h\u00e1hita, um 83% \u00far vatnsaflinu og afganginn \u00far jar\u00f0varmanum. H\u00e1hitaorkuver takmarkast af uppsettu afli \u00feeirra. Orkugjafinn er \u00e6t\u00ed\u00f0 til sta\u00f0ar og hentar \u00fev\u00ed best a\u00f0 hafa orkuvinnsluna sem st\u00f6\u00f0ugasta. \u00cd rekstri vatnsorkuvera er orkugjafinn, vatni\u00f0, hinn takmarkandi \u00fe\u00e1ttur. Vatn \u00ed \u00e1m og flj\u00f3tum er breytilegt, innan s\u00f3larhringsins, milli \u00e1rst\u00ed\u00f0a og \u00e1ra. Mi\u00f0lunarl\u00f3n eru einmitt reist til a\u00f0 jafna \u00fat \u00feennan breytileika, eins og kostur er og hagkv\u00e6mt \u00feykir. Aflv\u00e9larnar sj\u00e1lfar eru aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti haf\u00f0ar nokku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 v\u00f6xt og mi\u00f0ast afl \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00e1mark sem hagkv\u00e6mt er a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

Eftirspurnin st\u00f3ri\u00f0juveranna, sem n\u00fa kaupa um tvo \u00feri\u00f0juhluta af raforkunni er nokku\u00f0 samfelld. En \u00fearfir hins almenna atvinnul\u00edfs og heimilanna er breytilegar: \u00de\u00f6rfin er minni \u00e1 n\u00f3ttu en degi, minni um sumar en vetur. \u00deannig er hin almenna orku\u00fe\u00f6rf a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali a\u00f0eins um 65% af \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00fan getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki \u00e1 hverju \u00e1ri. \u00deetta hlutfall gengur undir \u00fdmsum n\u00f6fnum, en umr\u00e6ddur sk\u00fdrsluh\u00f6fundur notar enska heiti\u00f0 „load factor“ og misskilur hrapalega hva\u00f0 felst \u00ed hugtakinu.<\/p>\n

\u00cd raforkukerfi okkar er keppt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed samstilla frambo\u00f0 frumorkunnar og raforku\u00fe\u00f6rfina og \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 hagkv\u00e6mastan h\u00e1tt. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1 sem mestri n\u00fdtni bj\u00f3\u00f0a orkuverin – sem eru flest \u00ed eigu Landsvirkjunar – upp \u00e1 \u00f3trygg\u00f0a orku \u00ed vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera unnt a\u00f0 tryggja hva\u00f0 sem tautar og raular. Eins og nafni\u00f0 ber me\u00f0 s\u00e9r er ekki unnt a\u00f0 \u00e1byrgjast a\u00f0 \u00f3trygg\u00f0a orkan s\u00e9 \u00e1vallt \u00ed bo\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 fer eftir vatnsb\u00faskap og \u00e1rfer\u00f0i. St\u00f3ri\u00f0juverin kaupa hluta af orku sinni, minnst 10% og stundum meira, me\u00f0 \u00feessum skilm\u00e1lum. Sama gera fiskimj\u00f6lsverksmi\u00f0jur og a\u00f0rir \u00feeir sem geta gripi\u00f0 til r\u00e1\u00f0stafana – svo sem notkunar \u00e1 ol\u00edu – \u00feegar takmarka \u00fearf afhendingu \u00f3trygg\u00f0u orkunnar.<\/p>\n

\u00d3trygg\u00f0a orkan er stundum ranglega nefnd umframorka og \u00fea\u00f0 villir m\u00f6nnum s\u00fdn, og hugsanlega hefur margnefndur sk\u00fdrsluh\u00f6fundur falli\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 gryfju.<\/p>\n

Er umframorka yfirflj\u00f3tandi?
\n\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 keppt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 fulln\u00fdtingu orkuveranna fer alltaf einhver frumorka \u00ed s\u00faginn. \u00deetta vita allir sem s\u00e9\u00f0 hafa vatn falla fram af st\u00edfluveggjum \u00e1 f\u00f6grum s\u00ed\u00f0sumard\u00f6gum, en einmitt \u00fe\u00e1 getur \u00fea\u00f0 gerst a\u00f0 orkugeymslurnar, l\u00f3nin, s\u00e9u or\u00f0in full um lei\u00f0 og s\u00f3largeislar halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 br\u00e6\u00f0a j\u00f6klana orkuverunum til \u00f3\u00feurftar. Vissulega v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1n\u00e6gjulegt ef einhver kaupandi v\u00e6ri tilt\u00e6kur sem g\u00e6ti n\u00fdtt s\u00e9r \u00feennan dreitil. En h\u00e6tt er vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeim sama \u00fe\u00e6tti naumt skammta\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Sp\u00e1reikningar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1rabilinu 2002-2006 ver\u00f0ur orkugeta orkuveranna svo til fulln\u00fdtt, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali me\u00f0 97% til n\u00e6r 100% n\u00fdtingu eins og fram kemur \u00ed me\u00f0fylgjandi t\u00f6flu. H\u00e9r er reikna\u00f0 me\u00f0 st\u00e6kkun \u00e1lversins \u00e1 Grundartanga og Vatnsfellsvirkjun og st\u00e6kka\u00f0ri Nesjavallavirkjun auk n\u00favarandi virkjana.<\/p>\n

(Sj\u00e1 t\u00f6flu.)<\/p>\n

Orkan sem af gengur er \u00feannig b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00edtill og stopull. T\u00f6lurnar um umframorku eru \u00e1rsme\u00f0alt\u00f6l, og ver\u00f0ur orkan l\u00edklegast a\u00f0eins tilt\u00e6k a\u00f0 sumarlagi. \u00datiloka\u00f0 er a\u00f0 byggja einhverja vetnisframlei\u00f0slu \u00e1 sl\u00edkum dreggjum.<\/p>\n

Hvernig reikna n\u00e1tt\u00faruverndarsamt\u00f6k orku \u00ed vetnisverin s\u00edn?
\n\u00cd umr\u00e6ddri sk\u00fdrslu segir \u00ed lauslegri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu: „\u00c1lagsstu\u00f0ull („load factor“) orkuvera sem framlei\u00f0a rafmagn fyrir orkufrekan i\u00f0na\u00f0 er u.\u00fe.b. 90% en fyrir almennan marka\u00f0 er stu\u00f0ullinn u.\u00fe.b. 65%.“ Af \u00feessum uppl\u00fdsingum dregur sk\u00fdrsluh\u00f6fundur \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 orkuverin hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 vera vann\u00fdtt: \u00dar \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vinnslan fyrir st\u00f3ri\u00f0juna s\u00e9 me\u00f0 90% \u00e1lagsstu\u00f0li hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 vera unnt a\u00f0 kreista sama \u00fat \u00far \u00feeim hluta vinnslunnar sem er fyrir hinn almenna marka\u00f0. Munurinn \u00e1 65% og 90% hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 vera fundi\u00f0 f\u00e9. Reikna\u00f0 er \u00fat a\u00f0 \u00feetta svari til 1.115 GWh \u00e1 \u00e1ri sem er langlei\u00f0ina \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 sem Flj\u00f3tsdalsvirkjun var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a. \u00deetta er meginatri\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed sk\u00fdrslunni og \u00fea\u00f0 sem fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lar hafa s\u00e9rstaklega hent \u00e1 lofti. M\u00e1 t.d. vitna \u00ed h\u00e1degisfr\u00e9ttir R\u00edkis\u00fatvarpsins 19. apr\u00edl s.l. og fr\u00e9tt \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu 22. apr\u00edl \u00fear sem \u00feetta er \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum gert a\u00f0 a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i m\u00e1lsins.<\/p>\n

Eins og lj\u00f3st \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera af framans\u00f6g\u00f0u er \u00feessi \u00e1lyktun bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 misskilningi. \u00c1lagsstu\u00f0ull \u00ed orkuframlei\u00f0slu okkar segir n\u00e1nast ekkert um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort orka s\u00e9 afl\u00f6gu. \u00dear me\u00f0 er ekki f\u00f3tur fyrir st\u00e6rstu \u00e1lyktuninni \u00ed margumr\u00e6ddri sk\u00fdrslu.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er heillandi framt\u00ed\u00f0ars\u00fdn a\u00f0 unnt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 anna allri orku\u00fe\u00f6rf okkar me\u00f0 innlendum orkulindum. Hven\u00e6r \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur hagkv\u00e6mt og skynsamlegt er enn \u00f3r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0. L\u00edtt gagnar \u00ed \u00feeim efnum a\u00f0 reisa loftkastala – sem eru a\u00f0 auki bygg\u00f0ir \u00e1 sandi.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6fundur er orkum\u00e1lastj\u00f3ri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Grein fengin af Mbl.is, Skrifu\u00f0 F\u00f6studaginn 15. j\u00fan\u00ed, 2001 \u00dea\u00f0 er heillandi framt\u00ed\u00f0ars\u00fdn, segir \u00deorkell Helgason, a\u00f0 unnt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 anna allri orku\u00fe\u00f6rf okkar me\u00f0 innlendum orkulindum. UM fimmtungur af frumorkunotkun okkar fer til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja farart\u00e6ki \u00e1 landi og sj\u00f3 og eru 3\/4 hlutar innflutts eldsneytis til \u00feessara \u00fearfa. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt m\u00e1 rekja […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[6],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-greinar","tag-orkumal"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=157"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":315,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions\/315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}