{"id":1844,"date":"2013-02-04T14:53:08","date_gmt":"2013-02-04T14:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=1844"},"modified":"2013-02-04T14:53:58","modified_gmt":"2013-02-04T14:53:58","slug":"um-meint-samhengi-persnukjrs-og-spillingar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=1844","title":{"rendered":"Um meint samhengi persónukjörs og spillingar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Erindi til stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefndar Al\u00feingis <\/span>um till\u00f6gur stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0s um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00cdslands (\u00feskj. nr. 3, 140. l\u00fe.).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um 39. gr. \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpinu er \u00fev\u00ed i\u00f0ulega haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdni a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta geti veri\u00f0 \u00e1 meiri spillingu me\u00f0 auknu v\u00e6gi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. \u00deetta hefur endurspeglast \u00ed erindum til \u00feingnefndarinnar, nefndar\u00e1litum og umr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 Al\u00feingi og hefur \u00fe\u00e1 hver eftir \u00f6\u00f0rum.<\/p>\n

Eru \u00feetta einhl\u00edtar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og traustar ranns\u00f3knir? A\u00f0 mati undirrita\u00f0s er svari\u00f0 nei. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti benda vanda\u00f0ar ranns\u00f3knir fremur til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fear sem er pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r s\u00e9 spilling minni<\/span> en ella, \u00fevert \u00e1 fullyr\u00f0ingar h\u00e9r innan lands.<\/p>\n

Chang og Golden<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd fr\u00e6\u00f0imannaumr\u00e6\u00f0unni er einkum v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed grein eftir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingana Eric C.C. Chang og Miriam A. Golden me\u00f0 heitinu \u201eElectoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption\u201c<\/em> til s\u00f6nnunar fullyr\u00f0ingunni um samhengi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs (sj\u00e1 https:\/\/www.msu.edu\/~echang\/Research\/Chang_Golden_2007BJPS.pdf<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u00cd samantekt Chang og Golden segir \u00ed lauslegri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu: \u201eFyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafa bent til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fear sem kosi\u00f0 er hlutfallskosningu me\u00f0 r\u00f6\u00f0u\u00f0um listum vir\u00f0ist spilling meiri en \u00fear sem listarnir eru \u00f3ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir og \u00feingmenn valdir af listum me\u00f0 pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6ri. Vi\u00f0 s\u00fdnum hins vegar fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 svo er ekki ef jafnframt er teki\u00f0 tillit til st\u00e6r\u00f0ar kj\u00f6rd\u00e6ma.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Athyglisvert er a\u00f0 h\u00e9r er sagt berum or\u00f0um a\u00f0 fyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafi bent til \u00feess saman fari spilling og ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir listar, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00fear sem pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r er ekki<\/span> vi\u00f0haft. \u00deetta er \u00f6ndvert vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem fullyrt hefur veri\u00f0 h\u00e9rlendis. En \u00fe\u00e1 Chang og Golden f\u00fdsir a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 hinu gagnst\u00e6\u00f0a. Til \u00feess beita \u00feeir t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 safn r\u00famlega fj\u00f6rt\u00edu meintra l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja og flokka \u00feau s\u00ed\u00f0an eftir fyrrgreindum kosningaau\u00f0kennum. M\u00e6likvar\u00f0inn \u00e1 spillingu sem \u00feeir nota er fr\u00e1 samt\u00f6kunum Transparency International<\/em>. Hann er ekki einskor\u00f0a\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 spillingu \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum einum heldur l\u00edka og ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptal\u00edfinu, en sk\u00e1rri al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legan m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a finna \u00feeir ekki.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0in \u00ed greininni er b\u00e1gborin enda eru \u00f6rf\u00e1 tilfelli \u00ed hverjum h\u00f3pi umr\u00e6ddra r\u00edkja \u00feegar b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 skipta \u00feeim eftir stigi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs og flokka s\u00ed\u00f0an eftir kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mast\u00e6r\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrstu er ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an s\u00fa a\u00f0 spilling s\u00e9 a\u00f0 v\u00edsu minni<\/span> \u2013 ekki meiri<\/span> \u2013 \u00fear sem kosi\u00f0 er pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6ri en \u00ed hinum r\u00edkjunum \u00fear sem frambo\u00f0slistar eru ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir e\u00f0a loka\u00f0ir, enda s\u00e9 me\u00f0alst\u00e6r\u00f0 kj\u00f6rd\u00e6ma 50 s\u00e6ti e\u00f0a fleiri. Svo st\u00f3r kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi eru \u00f3v\u00ed\u00f0a og t.d. ekki h\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00de\u00e1 gr\u00edpa fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir til \u00feess vins\u00e6la r\u00e1\u00f0s a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 nokkur l\u00f6nd \u00ed gagnasafninu s\u00e9u ja\u00f0artilvik (\u201eoutliers\u201c). Fj\u00f3rum r\u00edkjum er \u00fev\u00ed sleppt og \u00fe\u00e1 segjast \u00feeir f\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r og spilling tengist \u00f3heillab\u00f6ndum svo lengi sem kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mast\u00e6r\u00f0 er yfir 15 s\u00e6tum a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali. En \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur fyrir fr\u00e6\u00f0ingana er \u00feessu \u00f6fugt fari\u00f0 ef kj\u00f6rd\u00e6min eru a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali minni. Vi\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e6ttum \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sleppa fyrir horn ef taka \u00e1 mark \u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unni! H\u00e9r eru a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali me\u00f0 10,5 s\u00e6ti \u00ed hverju kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi \u00ed n\u00faverandi kj\u00f6rd\u00e6maskipan.<\/p>\n

Persson og Tabellini<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e6nski hagfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn Torsten Persson og \u00edtalskur kollegi hans Guido Tabellini hafa gert mun vanda\u00f0ri greiningu \u00e1 fyrirb\u00e6rinu spilling og pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r en fyrrgreindir Cheng og Golden. \u00deetta kemur fram \u00ed b\u00f3k \u00feeirra The Economic Effects of Constitutions <\/em>(MIT-Press, 2005; sj\u00e1 l\u00edka http:\/\/www.people.fas.harvard.edu\/~iversen\/PDFfiles\/Persson%26Tabellini2003.pdf<\/a> ) Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir hafa fleiri r\u00edki undir me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta m.a. vi\u00f0 r\u00edkjum \u00fear sem t\u00ed\u00f0kast einmenningskj\u00f6r, sem eru ekki s\u00edst hin engilsaxnesku. \u00de\u00e1 gera \u00feeir greinarmun \u00e1 r\u00edkjunum eftir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegum \u00feroska en \u00feeir fyrrnefndu gera \u00fea\u00f0 ekki \u00ed sama m\u00e6li.<\/p>\n

Persson og Tabellini komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri meginni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00fear sem kj\u00f3sendur velja einstaklinga s\u00e9 spilling minni<\/span> en \u00fear sem merkt er vi\u00f0 loka\u00f0a flokkslista. \u00deeir tala meira a\u00f0 segja um fimmtungi minni spillingu \u00fear sem allir \u00feingmenn eru valdir pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6ri \u00ed sambur\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hinar \u00f6fgarnar, allir valdir af loku\u00f0um listum. Um lei\u00f0 s\u00e9 spilling minni<\/span> ef kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi eru fremur st\u00f3r en l\u00edtil, en \u00fe\u00e1 er l\u00e1ti\u00f0 liggja \u00e1 milli hluta hvort listar s\u00e9u ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir (loka\u00f0ir) e\u00f0a \u00f3ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir (opnir); sj\u00e1 kafla 7.2.1. \u00deessi seinni ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a vir\u00f0ist \u00ed fyrstu s\u00fdn vera \u00ed m\u00f3ts\u00f6gn vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u fyrrnefndu greinarinnar en er ekki endilega svo. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur s\u00fdnir \u00feetta \u00f3samr\u00e6mi hva\u00f0a h\u00e6ttur geta falist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beita vafasamri t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 vi\u00f0fangsefni af \u00feessu tagi.<\/p>\n

Athyglisvert er a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrirkomulag pers\u00f3nuvals og kj\u00f6rd\u00e6maskipunar sem \u00feeir Persson og Tabellini telja l\u00edklegast til varnar gegn spillingu er fyllilega \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpsins. Gildir \u00fe\u00e1 einu hvort frv. er \u00f3breytt e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00feeirri breytingu \u00e1 39. gr. sem meiri hluti stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefndar leggur til. \u00cd b\u00e1\u00f0um ger\u00f0um frv. er m\u00e6lt fyrir um pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r \u2013 sem er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 vissan h\u00e1tt valkv\u00e6tt samkv\u00e6mt breytingartill\u00f6gunni. Jafnframt er l\u00f6ggjafanum heimila\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a st\u00e6r\u00f0 kj\u00f6rd\u00e6ma, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa \u00feau s\u00e6milega st\u00f3r.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r hafa tv\u00e6r fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinar um hugsanleg tengsl spillingar og pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs veri\u00f0 reifa\u00f0ar. Annarri hefur veri\u00f0 hampa\u00f0 af gagnr\u00fdnendum fyrirliggjandi frumvarps um n\u00fdja stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. S\u00fa fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 teljast a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega afar vafas\u00f6m. En s\u00e9 greinin engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ar tekin alvarlega getur h\u00fan engan veginn talist s\u00f6nnun \u00feeirrar fullyr\u00f0ingar a\u00f0 pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r bj\u00f3\u00f0i upp \u00e1 spillingu. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er \u00f6ndver\u00f0: A\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 minni<\/span> spilling \u00fear sem saman fer pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r heldur en \u00fear sem listar eru ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir og l\u00edtt breytanlegir, a.m.k. svo lengi sem kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi eru skaplegrar st\u00e6r\u00f0ar.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hin greinin er t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega mun \u00edtarlegri og um lei\u00f0 vanda\u00f0ri. \u00cd henni segir fortakslaust a\u00f0 minna<\/span> vir\u00f0ist vera um spillingu \u00fear sem kj\u00f3sendur velja pers\u00f3nur fremur en flokkslista.<\/em><\/p>\n

A\u00f0 mati undirrita\u00f0s er greining af \u00feessu tagi engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur h\u00e6pin \u00fear sem veri\u00f0 er a\u00f0 bera saman a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00f3skyldum og fjarl\u00e6gum menningarheimum og s\u00ed\u00f0an reynt a\u00f0 draga af \u00feeim \u00e1lyktanir hinga\u00f0 heim. N\u00e6r v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 spyrja hvort spilling s\u00e9 meiri \u00ed Finnlandi, \u00fear sem er algert pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r, en \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum. E\u00f0a hvort spilling hefur aukist \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00fear sem pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r hefur veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0haft \u00ed s\u00edvaxandi m\u00e6li. Ellegar hvort spilling s\u00e9 meiri \u00ed \u00feeim l\u00f6ndum \u00de\u00fdskalands \u00fear sem kosi\u00f0 er til lands\u00feinga me\u00f0 virku pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6ri en \u00ed hinum \u00fear sem svo er ekki. Og a\u00f0 lokum hvort spilling hafi vaxi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi vi\u00f0 uppt\u00f6ku pr\u00f3fkj\u00f6ra. H\u00e6pi\u00f0 er a\u00f0 sv\u00f6r f\u00e1ist \u00fear sem allt \u00f6nnur atvik kunna samt\u00edmis a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til meiri e\u00f0a minni spillingar \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum. \u00c1 \u00feeim vanda er teki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpsins \u2013 en \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00f6nnur saga.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Erindi til stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefndar Al\u00feingis um till\u00f6gur stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0s um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00cdslands (\u00feskj. nr. 3, 140. l\u00fe.). \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um 39. gr. \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpinu er \u00fev\u00ed i\u00f0ulega haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdni a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta geti veri\u00f0 \u00e1 meiri spillingu me\u00f0 auknu v\u00e6gi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. \u00deetta hefur endurspeglast \u00ed erindum til \u00feingnefndarinnar, nefndar\u00e1litum og umr\u00e6\u00f0um […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[68,25],"class_list":["post-1844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eigin-vefsida","tag-frumvarp-ad-nyrri-stjornarskra","tag-personukjor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1844","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1844"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1844\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1846,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1844\/revisions\/1846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1844"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}