{"id":1847,"date":"2013-02-07T20:27:40","date_gmt":"2013-02-07T20:27:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=1847"},"modified":"2013-02-07T20:29:03","modified_gmt":"2013-02-07T20:29:03","slug":"leiir-persnukjr-til-spillingar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=1847","title":{"rendered":"Leiðir persónukjör til spillingar?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[Birtist \u00ed Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu 7. febr\u00faar 2013.]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpi\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed i\u00f0ulega haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdni a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta geti veri\u00f0 \u00e1 meiri spillingu me\u00f0 auknu v\u00e6gi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. \u00deetta endurspeglast m.a. \u00ed K\u00f6gunarh\u00f3lspistli h\u00e9r \u00ed bla\u00f0inu 26. jan\u00faar sl. undir \u00feeirri afdr\u00e1ttarlausu millifyrirs\u00f6gn \u201eMeiri spilling“.<\/p>\n

Eru \u00feetta einhl\u00edtar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og traustar ranns\u00f3knir? A\u00f0 mati undirrita\u00f0s er svari\u00f0 nei. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti benda vanda\u00f0ar ranns\u00f3knir fremur til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fear sem er pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r s\u00e9 spilling minni en ella, \u00fevert \u00e1 fullyr\u00f0ingar h\u00e9r innanlands. \u00deetta er r\u00f6kstutt \u00ed erindi til stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefndar Al\u00feingis sem finna m\u00e1 \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=1844 en ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er reifu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari bla\u00f0agrein.<\/p>\n

H\u00e6pin t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd fr\u00e6\u00f0imannaumr\u00e6\u00f0unni er einkum v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed grein eftir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingana Eric C.C. Chang og Miriam A. Golden me\u00f0 heitinu \u201eElectoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption“ til s\u00f6nnunar fullyr\u00f0ingunni um samhengi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. \u00cd upphafi greinarinnar vi\u00f0urkenna h\u00f6fundar a\u00f0 v\u00edsu a\u00f0 fyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafi bent til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feessu s\u00e9 \u00f6fugt fari\u00f0, a\u00f0 saman fari spilling og ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir listar, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00e1n pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. En umr\u00e6dda fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn f\u00fdsir a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 hinu gagnst\u00e6\u00f0a, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u sem hampa\u00f0 er h\u00e9rlendis. Til \u00feess beita \u00feeir t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 safn r\u00famlega fj\u00f6rut\u00edu meintra l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkja. M\u00e6likvar\u00f0i \u00e1 spillingu sem \u00feeir nota er fr\u00e1 samt\u00f6kunum Transparency International. Hann er ekki einskor\u00f0a\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 spillingu \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum einum heldur l\u00edka og ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptal\u00edfinu, en sk\u00e1rri al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legan m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a finna \u00feeir ekki. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 skj\u00f3ta inn \u00ed a\u00f0 spilling \u00e1 \u00cdslandi var \u00e1 \u00feessum sama m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a talin ein hin minnsta \u00ed heimi allt fram a\u00f0 hruni, \u00e1 g\u00f3\u00f0u \u00e1runum svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u!<\/p>\n

T\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0in hj\u00e1 Chang og Golden er b\u00e1gborin enda eru \u00f6rf\u00e1 tilfelli \u00ed hverjum h\u00f3pi umr\u00e6ddra r\u00edkja \u00feegar b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 skipta \u00feeim eftir stigi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs og flokka s\u00ed\u00f0an eftir kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mast\u00e6r\u00f0. En s\u00e9 greinin engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur tekin alvarlega getur h\u00fan engan veginn talist s\u00f6nnun \u00feeirrar fullyr\u00f0ingar a\u00f0 pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r bj\u00f3\u00f0i upp \u00e1 spillingu.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er \u00f6ndver\u00f0: A\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 minni spilling \u00fear sem saman fer pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r en \u00fear sem listar eru ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir og l\u00edtt breytanlegir, a.m.k. svo lengi sem kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi eru skaplegrar st\u00e6r\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Bitast\u00e6\u00f0ari fr\u00e6\u00f0imennska<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e6nski hagfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn Torsten Persson og \u00edtalskur kollegi hans, Guido Tabellini, hafa gert mun vanda\u00f0ri greiningu \u00e1 fyrirb\u00e6rinu spilling og pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r en fyrrgreindir Cheng og Golden. \u00deetta kemur fram \u00ed b\u00f3k \u00feeirra The Economic Effects of Constitutions (MIT-Press, 2005). Hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir hafa fleiri r\u00edki undir og gera \u00edtarlegri greinarmun \u00e1 r\u00edkjunum eftir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegum \u00feroska \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

\u00deeir Persson og Tabellini komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri meginni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00fear sem kj\u00f3sendur velja einstaklinga s\u00e9 spilling minni en \u00fear sem \u00feeir merkja vi\u00f0 loka\u00f0a flokkslista. \u00deeir tala meira a\u00f0 segja um fimmtungi minni spillingu \u00fear sem allir \u00feingmenn eru valdir pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6ri \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 hinar \u00f6fgarnar, allir valdir af loku\u00f0um listum. \u00deorvaldur Gylfason fer \u00edtarlega yfir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Perssons og Tabellinis \u00ed n\u00fdlegu Dv-bloggi.<\/p>\n

Pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r \u00ed h\u00f3fi<\/span><\/p>\n

Upprunalegar till\u00f6gur stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0s um pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r fela \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 allir listar skuli vera \u00f3ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir \u00ed raun, \u00fe.e.a.s. alfari\u00f0 pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r. \u00deetta hefur s\u00e6tt gagnr\u00fdni fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 of langt s\u00e9 gengi\u00f0. N\u00fa hefur meirihluti stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og eftirlitsnefndar Al\u00feingis brug\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 og lagt til a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 ver\u00f0i h\u00e6gar \u00ed sakirnar. Meginbreyting nefndarinnar er s\u00fa a\u00f0 flokkarnir geti sj\u00e1lfir \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 hvort listar \u00feeirra teljist ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir e\u00f0a \u00f3ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir. \u00deannig geta flokkar sem vilja treysta \u00e1 eigin pr\u00f3fkj\u00f6r haldi\u00f0 sig vi\u00f0 ra\u00f0a\u00f0a lista um lei\u00f0 og a\u00f0rir flokkar kunna a\u00f0 leyfa kj\u00f3sendum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 velja frambj\u00f3\u00f0endur af hla\u00f0bor\u00f0i \u00ed kj\u00f6rklefanum. Svipa\u00f0 valfrelsi hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00ed r\u00faman aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung.<\/p>\n

Fyrst voru flestir listar ra\u00f0a\u00f0ir en n\u00fa hefur \u00feetta sn\u00faist vi\u00f0. Breytingartillagan \u00e6tti a\u00f0 geta or\u00f0i\u00f0 til s\u00e1tta og ber a\u00f0 fagna henni \u00fe\u00f3 ekki v\u00e6ri nema af \u00feeirri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n

Hver d\u00e6mir?<\/span><\/p>\n

Umsagnir fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna geta vissulega leitt til endurb\u00f3ta \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpinu. En fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn mega ekki vera me\u00f0 einhli\u00f0a hr\u00e6\u00f0slu\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00fear sem m\u00e1li vir\u00f0ist \u00ed sumum tilvikum mj\u00f6g vera halla\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Allt orkar tv\u00edm\u00e6lis \u00fe\u00e1 er gert er, l\u00edka \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 innlei\u00f0a virkt pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6r. En hverjir eru \u00feess umkomnir a\u00f0 segja hva\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni fyrir bestu? Eru \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn e\u00f0a f\u00f3lki\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft og kj\u00f6rnir fulltr\u00faar \u00feess? Er \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna a\u00f0 hafa vit fyrir 78% \u00edslenskra kj\u00f3senda, \u00feeim sem t\u00f3ku afst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slunni 20. okt\u00f3ber sl. og l\u00fdstu yfir stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00fdbreytni a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 velja s\u00e9r \u00feingmenn vi\u00f0 kj\u00f6rbor\u00f0i\u00f0?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Birtist \u00ed Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu 7. febr\u00faar 2013.] \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumvarpi\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed i\u00f0ulega haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdni a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta geti veri\u00f0 \u00e1 meiri spillingu me\u00f0 auknu v\u00e6gi pers\u00f3nukj\u00f6rs. \u00deetta endurspeglast m.a. \u00ed K\u00f6gunarh\u00f3lspistli h\u00e9r \u00ed bla\u00f0inu 26. jan\u00faar sl. undir \u00feeirri afdr\u00e1ttarlausu millifyrirs\u00f6gn \u201eMeiri spilling“. Eru \u00feetta einhl\u00edtar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og traustar ranns\u00f3knir? A\u00f0 mati […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[8,28,25,53,64],"class_list":["post-1847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eigin-vefsida","tag-althingiskosningar","tag-frettabladid","tag-personukjor","tag-tillogur-stjornlagarads","tag-thjodaratkvaedagreidsla-2012"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1847","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1847"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1847\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1849,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1847\/revisions\/1849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1847"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1847"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1847"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}