{"id":2173,"date":"2015-01-27T00:33:42","date_gmt":"2015-01-27T00:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=2173"},"modified":"2024-01-07T12:54:56","modified_gmt":"2024-01-07T12:54:56","slug":"umbaetur-a-kosningakerfinu-yfirlit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=2173","title":{"rendered":"Umb\u00e6tur \u00e1 kosningakerfinu: Yfirlit"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd yfirlitsgrein \u00feessari og \u00ed fj\u00f3rum pistlum sem koma \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 yfir \u00ferj\u00fa grunnatri\u00f0i \u00ed fyrirkomulagi kosninga til Al\u00feingis og bent \u00e1 \u00e6skilegar lagf\u00e6ringar sem allar r\u00famast innan ramma n\u00fagildandi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r. Greinarnar er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed einni heild \u00ed hausthefti 2014 af ritinu <em>Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Yfirlitsgrein \u00feessa m\u00e1 lesa \u00ed heild sinni h\u00e9r:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Umb\u00e6tur-\u00e1-kosningakerfinu-Yfirlit.pdf\">Umb\u00e6tur \u00e1 kosningakerfinu: Yfirlit<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Byrjun greinarinnar er \u00feannig:<\/p>\n<p>Fyrirkomulag kosninga &#8230;\u00a0hefur veri\u00f0 miklum breytingum h\u00e1\u00f0 allt fr\u00e1 upphafi kosninga til Al\u00feingis 1844. Markmi\u00f0in hafa veri\u00f0 af \u00fdmsum toga eins og j\u00f6fnun kosningar\u00e9ttar eftir kyni, a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u og aldri fyrst framan af. B\u00fasetuflutningar \u00e1 landinu hafa veri\u00f0 eitt megintilefni breytinganna. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar \u00feeirra hefur s\u00edfellt risi\u00f0 krafa um j\u00f6fnun v\u00e6gis atkv\u00e6\u00f0a eftir b\u00fasetu og tengd \u00fev\u00ed krafa um hlutfallslega r\u00e9tta skiptingu \u00feings\u00e6ta \u00e1 milli flokka. \u00deessar tv\u00e6r kr\u00f6fur eru n\u00e1tengdar enda undirr\u00f3tin um margt hin sama; flutningur f\u00f3lks fr\u00e1 dreifb\u00fdli til \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdlis og einkum \u00fe\u00f3 til h\u00f6fu\u00f0borgarsv\u00e6\u00f0isins.<\/p>\n<p>Strax vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 grundvallarbreytingu sem ger\u00f0 var \u00e1 kosningal\u00f6gum 1915 kemur sk\u00fdrt fram markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 um j\u00f6fnun atkv\u00e6\u00f0av\u00e6gis. Hannes Hafstein m\u00e6lti fyrir stj\u00f3rnarfrumvarpi um m\u00e1li\u00f0 1914 og hnykkir \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem segir \u00ed athugasemdum me\u00f0 frumvarpinu: \u201e\u00deegar kosningarr\u00e9tturinn er r\u00fdmka\u00f0ur, eins og gert er \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfrumv., \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 jafnr\u00e9tti til \u00e1hrifa \u00e1 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f og landsstj\u00f3rn, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 auglj\u00f3s m\u00f3ts\u00f6gn, ef ekki v\u00e6ri jafnframt b\u00e6tt eitthva\u00f0 \u00far \u00fev\u00ed mikla misr\u00e9tti, sem veri\u00f0 hefir \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed, hvert gildi atkv\u00e6\u00f0i kj\u00f3senda hafa, \u00feannig a\u00f0 kj\u00f3sendur f\u00e1i sem jafnastan r\u00e9tt einnig \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed tilliti. \u00deessu hefir veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00e1b\u00f3tavant, svo a\u00f0 t.d. \u00ed einu kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi, Reykjav\u00edk, gildir atkv\u00e6\u00f0i 7 kj\u00f3senda ekki meira en atkv\u00e6\u00f0i 1 kj\u00f3sanda \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru kj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi landsins, o. s. frv.\u201c . \u00deetta markmi\u00f0 daga\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 endanum uppi og \u00ed l\u00f6gunum sem endanlega voru sam\u00feykkt var ekki teki\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum vanda. J\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur milli flokka var vart til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, enda flokkaskipanin enn \u00ed m\u00f3tun.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 kosningakerfinu 1933 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist kosningakerfi\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00faverandi mynd me\u00f0 hlutfallskosningum a\u00f0 hluta og j\u00f6fnunar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um milli flokka. Enn eimdi \u00fe\u00f3 eftir af fyrra fyrirkomulagi, svo sem einmenningskj\u00f6rd\u00e6mum. Meginmarkmi\u00f0i\u00f0 um j\u00f6fnun atkv\u00e6\u00f0av\u00e6gis kemur fram \u00ed frams\u00f6gur\u00e6\u00f0u \u00c1sgeirs \u00c1sgeirssonar fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00feegar hann m\u00e6lti fyrir frumvarpi um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytinguna 1933 og sag\u00f0i m.a.: \u201eTr\u00faa m\u00edn er&#8230; s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00e1standi\u00f0&#8230; heimti tvennskonar j\u00f6fnun af \u00fev\u00ed \u00feingi, sem n\u00fa situr. Anna\u00f0 er j\u00f6fnun um atkv\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00e9tt og \u00e1hrif \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu, en hitt er j\u00f6fnun \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed l\u00edfinu.\u201c Ekki ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 sagt a\u00f0 teki\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1 j\u00f6fnun atkv\u00e6\u00f0av\u00e6gis eftir b\u00fasetu me\u00f0 \u00feessum breytingum en \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn stigi\u00f0 st\u00f3rt skref \u00ed j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i milli flokka me\u00f0 ellefu uppb\u00f3tar\u00feings\u00e6tum en \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00feau s\u00e6ti v\u00e6ru \u201etil j\u00f6fnunar milli \u00feingflokka, svo a\u00f0 hver \u00feeirra hafi \u00feings\u00e6ti sem n\u00e6st samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 atkv\u00e6\u00f0at\u00f6lu \u00fe\u00e1, sem greidd er \u00feingmannaefnum flokksins samtals vi\u00f0 almennar kosningar.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Miklir b\u00faferlaflutningar \u00ed og eftir seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina k\u00f6llu\u00f0u enn \u00e1 breytingar sem var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 kj\u00f6rd\u00e6maskipaninni var gj\u00f6rbreytt og alfari\u00f0 tekin upp fj\u00f6ls\u00e6takj\u00f6rd\u00e6mi me\u00f0 hlutfallslegri \u00fathlutun s\u00e6ta. \u00deetta var gert me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytingu 1959 og n\u00fdjum kosningal\u00f6gum en \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpi me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytingunni sag\u00f0i: \u201eA\u00f0alatri\u00f0i \u00feessarar stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytingar er, a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi ver\u00f0i skipa\u00f0 \u00ed sem fyllstu samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arviljann.\u201c H\u00e9r m\u00e1 gl\u00f6ggt sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 meginmarkmi\u00f0i\u00f0 er j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur milli flokka.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e6st var breyting ger\u00f0 \u00e1 kosningakerfinu 1984 (stj\u00f3rnarskipunarl\u00f6g nr. 65\/1984). \u00cd greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu um breytinguna segir strax \u00ed upphafi: \u201eFr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 breyting var s\u00ed\u00f0ast ger\u00f0 \u00e1 kj\u00f6rd\u00e6maskipan og kosningareglum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1959 hefur misv\u00e6gi atkv\u00e6\u00f0a eftir b\u00fasetu kj\u00f3senda aukist allmiki\u00f0. Jafnframt hefur skort \u00e1 a\u00f0 j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur milli stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laflokka hafi n\u00e1\u00f0st. \u00deykir n\u00fa nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 gera breytingar sem b\u00e6ta \u00far annm\u00f6rkum \u00feessum.\u201c Annarra markmi\u00f0a er ekki geti\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Megin\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar um kosningar til Al\u00feingis var s\u00ed\u00f0ast breytt 1999 (stj\u00f3rnarskipunarl\u00f6g nr. 77\/1999). \u00cd greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpi a\u00f0 \u00feeirri breytingu eru talin upp fj\u00f6gur markmi\u00f0 (auk eins sem er forsenda fremur en markmi\u00f0). Tv\u00f6 \u00feessara markmi\u00f0a l\u00fata a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00e9r er til umr\u00e6\u00f0u: \u201eA\u00f0 draga \u00far misv\u00e6gi atkv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feannig a\u00f0 hlutfall kj\u00f3senda a\u00f0 baki hverju \u00feings\u00e6ti \u00fear sem munurinn er mestur milli kj\u00f6rd\u00e6ma ver\u00f0i sem n\u00e6st 1:1,5 til 1:1,8.\u201c Og ennfremur \u201e[a]\u00f0 \u00e1fram ver\u00f0i j\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u00e1 milli stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lasamtaka \u00e1 landsv\u00edsu til a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi \u00feings\u00e6ta hvers flokks s\u00e9 \u00ed sem bestu hlutfalli vi\u00f0 kj\u00f3sendat\u00f6luna.\u201c \u00cd frams\u00f6gur\u00e6\u00f0u sag\u00f0i fyrsti flutningsma\u00f0ur, Dav\u00ed\u00f0 Oddson, m.a. \u201ea\u00f0 undirr\u00f3t \u00feeirra breytinga sem frv. \u00feetta leggur grunninn a\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 rekja til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu r\u00edkir ekki lengur s\u00fa s\u00e1tt sem vera \u00fearf um kosningakerfi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 megi una vegna \u00feeirrar b\u00fasetu\u00fer\u00f3unar sem veri\u00f0 hefur undanfarin \u00e1r.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd greinunum \u00feremur sem koma \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feessarar yfirlitsgreinar ver\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 yfir \u00ferj\u00fa grunnatri\u00f0i \u00ed fyrirkomulagi kosninga til Al\u00feingis og bent \u00e1 \u00e6skilegar lagf\u00e6ringar \u00e1 \u00feeim. \u00c1bendingarnar sn\u00faast um fyrrgreind meginatri\u00f0i \u00ed fyrirkomulagi kosninga, v\u00e6gi atkv\u00e6\u00f0a eftir b\u00fasetu og j\u00f6fnu\u00f0i milli flokka me\u00f0 tilliti til atkv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feeirra \u00e1 landinu \u00f6llu. Hugmyndirnar eru \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0ar innbyr\u00f0is; innlei\u00f0ing einnar kallar ekki endilega \u00e1 hinar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd yfirlitsgrein \u00feessari og \u00ed fj\u00f3rum pistlum sem koma \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 yfir \u00ferj\u00fa grunnatri\u00f0i \u00ed fyrirkomulagi kosninga til Al\u00feingis og bent \u00e1 \u00e6skilegar lagf\u00e6ringar sem allar r\u00famast innan ramma n\u00fagildandi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r. Greinarnar er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed einni heild \u00ed hausthefti 2014 af ritinu Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla. Yfirlitsgrein \u00feessa m\u00e1 lesa \u00ed heild sinni [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[8,80,81,53,86],"class_list":["post-2173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eigin-vefsida","tag-althingiskosningar","tag-kosningakerfi","tag-stjornmal-og-stjornsysla","tag-tillogur-stjornlagarads","tag-umbaetur-a-kosningakerfinu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2173"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2978,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2173\/revisions\/2978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}