{"id":2782,"date":"2019-06-07T12:38:17","date_gmt":"2019-06-07T12:38:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=2782"},"modified":"2019-06-27T15:24:12","modified_gmt":"2019-06-27T15:24:12","slug":"stjornarskrarafmaeli-thysk-og-islensk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/?p=2782","title":{"rendered":"Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rafm\u00e6li, \u00fe\u00fdsk og \u00edslensk"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>[Eftirfarandi pistill birtist nokku\u00f0 styttur \u00ed Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu 7. j\u00fan\u00ed 2019 og jafnframt \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni\u00a0https:\/\/www.frettabladid.is\/skodun\/stjornarskrarafmaeli-thysk-og-islensk\/<\/em><em>.\u00a0 H\u00e9r er pistillinn \u00ed upphaflegri lengd.]<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2790\" src=\"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/GGArt1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"221\" height=\"229\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u201e<\/u><\/em><u>Mannleg reisn er fri\u00f0helg<\/u><em><u>\u201c<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00deannig hefst\u00a0fyrsta grein stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r e\u00f0a <em>grundvallarlaga<\/em> Sambandsl\u00fd\u00f0veldisins \u00de\u00fdskalands; \u201e<em>Die W\u00fcrde des Menschen ist unantastbar.<\/em>\u201c \u00deetta var skr\u00e1\u00f0 fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 loki\u00f0 haf\u00f0i h\u00f6rmungart\u00edmabili \u00ed \u00fe\u00fdskri s\u00f6gu \u00fear sem mannhelgin var f\u00f3tum tro\u00f0in af valdh\u00f6fum.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 setningu grundvallarlaganna var lagt kapp \u00e1 a\u00f0 fyrirbyggja a\u00f0 sagan endurt\u00e6ki sig. Var \u00fe\u00e1 teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tti hafa brug\u00f0ist \u00ed \u00feeirri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 sem \u00e1 undan haf\u00f0i gilt, Weimar-stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni, en \u00ed \u00e1r er li\u00f0in r\u00e9tt \u00f6ld fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan t\u00f3k gildi. \u00dea\u00f0 var l\u00edka eftir t\u00edmabil eymdar og ni\u00f0url\u00e6gingar upp \u00far endalokum fyrra str\u00ed\u00f0s. S\u00fa stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 var um margt frams\u00e6kin, ekki s\u00edst hva\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindi var\u00f0ar. En \u00e1 henni \u00fe\u00f3ttu gallar og s\u00e1 einna helstur a\u00f0 forsetinn haf\u00f0i of mikil v\u00f6ld. Hann gat sett l\u00f6g og viki\u00f0 grundvallar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar til hli\u00f0ar \u00e1 meintum ney\u00f0art\u00edmum. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00f3g\u00e6fa \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 kj\u00f3sa l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isandst\u00e6\u00f0ing, hersh\u00f6f\u00f0ingjann Paul von Hindenburg, \u00e1 fors\u00e6tisst\u00f3l \u00e1ri\u00f0 1932 en \u00fe\u00e1 st\u00f3\u00f0 vali\u00f0 um hann e\u00f0a annan verri. S\u00e1 v\u00e9la\u00f0i sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar forsetann til a\u00f0 veita s\u00e9r alr\u00e6\u00f0isvald. Aflei\u00f0ingin var mesti hildarleikur s\u00f6gunnar.<\/p>\n<p>Hinn 23. ma\u00ed sl. minntust \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjar \u00feess a\u00f0 li\u00f0in voru 70 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 grundvallarl\u00f6g \u00feeirra t\u00f3ku gildi. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjum er annt um \u00feessa stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, enda hefur h\u00fan tryggt a\u00f0 mannhelgi hefur veri\u00f0 virt, frelsi og fri\u00f0ur r\u00edkt og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i og r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki \u00ed hei\u00f0ri haft; allt lengur en nokkurn t\u00edmann \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fe\u00fdskri s\u00f6gu. Vonir eru bundnar vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 svo ver\u00f0i um \u00f3komna t\u00ed\u00f0. Raunar eru \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in um breytingar \u00e1 grundvallarl\u00f6gunum \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00feannig a\u00f0 undirst\u00f6\u00f0unni svo sem um reisn mannsins ver\u00f0ur ekki hagga\u00f0 svo lengi sem l\u00fd\u00f0skrumurum tekst ekki a\u00f0 hrifsa v\u00f6ldin. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi sem og annars sta\u00f0ar \u00fearf almenningur a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00ed gegnum blekkingar \u00feeirra. \u00dear \u00feurfa \u00cdslendingar einnig a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 var\u00f0bergi.<\/p>\n<p>Ein mikilv\u00e6gasta trygging \u00feess a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in \u00fe\u00fdska standist t\u00edmans t\u00f6nn er \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00fdm\u00e6li hennar er a\u00f0 starfa skuli s\u00e9rstakur <em>stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll<\/em> \u00fear sem hver og einn getur bori\u00f0 upp m\u00e1l \u00feyki l\u00f6g e\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnvaldsa\u00f0ger\u00f0ir brj\u00f3ta \u00ed b\u00e1g vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na. D\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn er virkur og vakandi. \u00darskur\u00f0a hans, sem eru n\u00e1nast vikulegir, er be\u00f0i\u00f0 af eftirv\u00e6ntingu og hefur d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn einatt sett Sambands\u00feinginu og stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum st\u00f3linn fyrir dyrnar, svo sem me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 krefjast tv\u00edvegis lagf\u00e6ringa \u00e1 kosningal\u00f6gum til aukins jafnr\u00e6\u00f0is milli flokka og til a\u00f0 auka r\u00e9tt kj\u00f3senda. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0eigandi a\u00f0 a\u00f0alh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0in \u00e1 \u00feessum afm\u00e6lisdegi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar var haldin \u00ed Karlsruhe \u00fear sem stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hefur a\u00f0setur sitt. Forseti stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins, Andreas Vo\u00dfkuhle, hefur \u00ed leit a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem sameinar \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina eftir h\u00f6rmungar nasistar\u00edkisins staldra\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdska or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>Verfassungspatriotismus<\/em> sem e.t.v. m\u00e1 snara sem <em>stj\u00f3rnlagastolt<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er vel vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 sem hafnar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0rembu fyrri t\u00edma, kvilla sem hefur leitt \u00fe\u00e1 og margar a\u00f0rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00e1 villig\u00f6tur.<\/p>\n<p><u>Fyrirmynd handa \u00f6\u00f0rum <\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00fdska stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrirmynd margra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sem hafa losna\u00f0 undan alr\u00e6\u00f0i svo sem \u00e1 Grikklandi, Sp\u00e1ni, \u00ed Port\u00fagal e\u00f0a Su\u00f0ur-Afr\u00edku en ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00ed r\u00edkjum Austur-Evr\u00f3pu sem brutust undan einr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed nafni komm\u00fanisma. \u00dea\u00f0 er sorgarsaga a\u00f0 \u00fear er n\u00fa \u00f3\u00f0um veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hverfa til baka, svo sem me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 grafa undan hinum \u00fe\u00fdsk\u00e6ttu\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3lum.<\/p>\n<p>Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0 haf\u00f0i hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af \u00fe\u00fdsku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 vann a\u00f0 till\u00f6gum s\u00ednum sumari\u00f0 2011. Nefna m\u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um afm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 valdi forseta l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi er a\u00f0 fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra skuli kosinn af Al\u00feingi og a\u00f0 honum ver\u00f0i ekki viki\u00f0 fr\u00e1 nema me\u00f0 kj\u00f6ri eftirmanns. (\u00deetta nefnist \u201ekonstr\u00fakt\u00edft\u201c vantraust \u00e1 erlendum m\u00e1lum.) \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 byggir \u00e1 dapurri reynslu \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja fr\u00e1 Weimar-l\u00fd\u00f0veldinu \u00fear sem stj\u00f3rnarkreppur voru t\u00ed\u00f0ar. Margir hafa fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feessari fyrirmynd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00fe\u00fdsku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni er vissulega kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 eignarr\u00e9tturinn skuli trygg\u00f0ur, en \u00fev\u00ed b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 eignum fylgi skyldur \u00ed almanna\u00fe\u00e1gu. \u00deessa vi\u00f0b\u00f3t t\u00f3k Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0 upp n\u00e6r or\u00f0r\u00e9tta. Reyndar er or\u00f0lagi\u00f0 um eignarr\u00e9ttinn \u00ed \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni me\u00f0 helgibl\u00e6. \u00dear er nota\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201efri\u00f0helgur\u201c sem kemur hvergi annars sta\u00f0ar fyrir \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skjali. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verjum finnst sl\u00edkur h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0leiki eiga betur vi\u00f0 \u00feegar r\u00e6tt er um reisn mannsins en um jar\u00f0neska hluti. Vi\u00f0 \u00ed Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0i hreyf\u00f0um samt ekki vi\u00f0 \u00feessu helgikennda or\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<p>Fleira m\u00e6tti nefna sem s\u00f3tt var \u00ed \u00fe\u00fdsku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na svo sem \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um frelsi menningar og mennta. Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0 hika\u00f0i vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 stinga upp \u00e1 fullgildum stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3li en lag\u00f0i \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn til r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi fastanefnd, <em>L\u00f6gr\u00e9ttu<\/em>, \u00ed svipu\u00f0u skyni.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00fdska stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in er ekki gallalaus fremur en \u00f6nnur mannanna verk. \u00c1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 nefnt a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00fe\u00fdski hefur d\u00e6mt laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um kosningar til Sambands\u00feingi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbrot. \u00dea\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0st m.a. af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fyrrim\u00e6lin um kosningar \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni sj\u00e1lfri eru afar f\u00e1t\u00e6kleg. \u00cd tilefni af stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rafm\u00e6linu hefur einn fremsti stj\u00f3rnlagafr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00de\u00fdskalands, Dieter Grimm, bent \u00e1 \u00feetta. Hann kallar eftir skarpari \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feingmeirihluti geti hla\u00f0i\u00f0 undir sig \u00feings\u00e6tum me\u00f0 kosningalagabrellum. Einmitt \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 gerast \u00ed Austur-Evr\u00f3pu. Grimm tekur d\u00e6mi af r\u00edkjandi flokkum \u00ed P\u00f3llandi og Ungverjalandi. \u00deannig hafi hinn p\u00f3lski flokkur <em>PiS<\/em> n\u00e1\u00f0 hreinum meirihluta \u00fat \u00e1 36% atkv\u00e6\u00f0a og <em>Fidesz<\/em>-flokkurinn \u00ed Ungverjalandi hafi meira en tvo \u00feri\u00f0ju hluta \u00feingmanna \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0eins 53% atkv\u00e6\u00f0afylgi og hafi \u00fear me\u00f0 geta\u00f0 breytt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00ednu skapi. H\u00e9r var Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1 undan \u00feeim \u00fe\u00fdsku me\u00f0 till\u00f6gu sinni um \u00edtarleg stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um fyrirkomulag \u00feingkosninga, ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst til a\u00f0 fyrirbyggja yfirgang meirihlutans.<\/p>\n<p><u>Allt til br\u00e1\u00f0abirg\u00f0a?<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00e1r eru l\u00edka merkisafm\u00e6li \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1a. S\u00fa fr\u00e1 1874, konungsgj\u00f6fin ver\u00f0ur 145 \u00e1ra og l\u00fd\u00f0veldisstj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in fr\u00e1 1944, s\u00fa sem s\u00f6g\u00f0 var til br\u00e1\u00f0abirg\u00f0a, heldur upp \u00e1 75 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li. \u00de\u00fdsku grundvallarl\u00f6gin voru reyndar einnig s\u00f6g\u00f0 t\u00edmabundin. \u00deau n\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed fyrstu a\u00f0eins til Vestur-\u00de\u00fdskalands, til hern\u00e1mssv\u00e6\u00f0a vesturveldanna. \u00deetta var \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in fr\u00e1 1949 hlaut nafni\u00f0 <em>grundvallarl\u00f6g<\/em>. \u00dev\u00ed skyldi breytt \u00ed <em>stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1<\/em> \u00feegar n\u00e1\u00f0st hef\u00f0i a\u00f0 sameina landi\u00f0 af f\u00fasum og frj\u00e1lsum vilja \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. \u00dea\u00f0 var\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990, en \u00fear sem grundvallarl\u00f6gin h\u00f6f\u00f0u sanna\u00f0 gildi sitt og fest sig \u00ed sessi \u00fe\u00f3tti hvorki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 taka \u00feau til endursko\u00f0unar n\u00e9 hr\u00f3fla vi\u00f0 nafninu. \u00de\u00f3 haf\u00f0i hvoru tveggja veri\u00f0 lofa\u00f0 \u00ed upphafi.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 lokum m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins eru tv\u00f6 \u00e1r til n\u00fds \u00edslensks stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rst\u00f3rafm\u00e6lis. \u00de\u00e1 ver\u00f0a li\u00f0in 10 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0 skila\u00f0i till\u00f6gum s\u00ednum til Al\u00feingis um endurb\u00e6tta stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 me\u00f0 aukinni tryggingu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e9ttinda, allt \u00ed anda \u00feess a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 skjaldborg um hina mannlegu reisn. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi er gaman a\u00f0 geta sagt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nokkrum d\u00f6gum fyrir hi\u00f0 n\u00fdli\u00f0na \u00fe\u00fdska stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rafm\u00e6li kom st\u00f3r sendinefnd fr\u00e1 \u00fe\u00fdska stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3lnum til \u00cdslands til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rm\u00e1l, ekki s\u00edst till\u00f6gur Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0s. Vonandi ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 10 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6linu h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 segja \u00feeim og \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0 grundv\u00f6llur hinnar \u201en\u00fdju stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u201c hafi teki\u00f0 gildi, eins og tveir \u00feri\u00f0ju hlutar kj\u00f3senda l\u00fdstu sig fylgjandi \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slunni 22. okt\u00f3ber 2012.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>\u00deorkell Helgason, sat \u00ed Stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0i<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Eftirfarandi pistill birtist nokku\u00f0 styttur \u00ed Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu 7. j\u00fan\u00ed 2019 og jafnframt \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni\u00a0https:\/\/www.frettabladid.is\/skodun\/stjornarskrarafmaeli-thysk-og-islensk\/.\u00a0 H\u00e9r er pistillinn \u00ed upphaflegri lengd.] &nbsp; \u201eMannleg reisn er fri\u00f0helg\u201c \u00deannig hefst\u00a0fyrsta grein stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r e\u00f0a grundvallarlaga Sambandsl\u00fd\u00f0veldisins \u00de\u00fdskalands; \u201eDie W\u00fcrde des Menschen ist unantastbar.\u201c \u00deetta var skr\u00e1\u00f0 fj\u00f3rum \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 loki\u00f0 haf\u00f0i h\u00f6rmungart\u00edmabili \u00ed \u00fe\u00fdskri s\u00f6gu \u00fear sem mannhelgin [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[28,55,53,57],"class_list":["post-2782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-eigin-vefsida","tag-frettabladid","tag-stjornarskrarmal","tag-tillogur-stjornlagarads","tag-thyskaland"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2782"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2804,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782\/revisions\/2804"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thorkellhelgason.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}